Background No studies have been conducted in Mexico to ascertain what ethical problems doctors working at hospitals deal with. This article aims to describe the ethical conflicts most commonly identified by Mexican internists and the importance they attribute to each of these conflicts. Methods Voluntary survey to the members of the Internal Medicine Association of Mexico. Results Responses were submitted by 347 internists. Half of those face ethical conflicts almost always or frequently. The most commonplace and relevant conflicts are those (...) resulting from the clinical relationship (communication, confidentiality, informed consent, assessment of mental capacity, decisions involving incapacitated patients, and conflicts with family members), and secondly those problems related with the end of life (palliative care, withholding or withdrawing treatment, and “No CPR orders”). To resolve conflicts they seek support through protocols, Institutional Ethics Committees (IECs), and consultations with colleagues and, occasionally, with bioethics experts. Protocols and IECs are the tools most in demand among them. Conclusions 1) the most frequent and relevant conflicts are those caused by the clinical relationship, above all those due to doctor–patient communication, and secondly those due to problems which arise at the end of life; 2) though nearly all of them have doubts about how to resolve conflicts, the vast majority are satisfied with the way in which they do so; 3) to deal with conflicts, they seek support mainly in protocols, IECs, and consultation with colleagues; and 4) in order to resolve them better, what they most demand are protocols and IECs, but also bioethics consultants. (shrink)

Behavioral interventions have shown promising neuroprotective effects, but the cascade of molecular, brain and behavioral changes involved in these benefits remains poorly understood. Projecte Moviment is a 12-week multi-domain, single-blind, proof-of-concept randomized controlled trial examining the cognitive effect and underlying mechanisms of an aerobic exercise, computerized cognitive training and a combined groups compared to a waitlist control group. Adherence was > 80% for 82/109 participants recruited. In this study we report intervention-related changes in plasma biomarkers and structural-MRI and how they (...) related to changes in physical activity and individual variables and their potential role as mediators in the cognitive changes. Our results show that although there were no significant changes in molecular biomarker concentrations in any intervention group, changes in ICAM-1 and SDF1-α were negatively associated with changes in physical activity outcomes in AE and COMB groups. Brain volume changes were found in the CCT showing a significant increase in precuneus volume. Sex moderated the brain volume change in the AE and COMB groups, suggesting that men may benefit more than women. Changes in molecular biomarkers and brain volumes did not significantly mediate the cognitive-related benefits found previously for any group. This study shows crucial initial molecular and brain volume changes related to lifestyle interventions at early stages and highlights the value of examining activity parameters, individual difference characteristics and using a multi-level analysis approach to address these questions. (shrink)

Talmy divided the world’s languages according to how they express movement. Spanish, a verb-framed language, purportedly constrains the use of motion verbs expressing the manner of movement (such as roll) to contexts in which no spatial boundary is crossed. Previous research suggests that this constraint sometimes does not apply. We report the first large-scale investigation of the constraint and its modulating factors (movement direction, verb type, entering/exiting, Ground size, the preposition used) across different Spanish-speaking communities. A task with open-ended description (...) of animated videos, a sentence interpretation task, and a rating task found that Spanish and Latin American speakers (n = 180 in total) often use manner verbs to describe boundary-crossing situations (especially entering a place), although this is modulated by the preposition following the verb (more with a than en). Better understanding of this constraint in verb-framed languages has applications in, for instance, L2 acquisition research. (shrink)

This essay offers a general interpretation of Benedetto Croce’s aesthetics as a theory of knowledge. It takes its title from Croce’s famous work in the 1931, Le Due Scienze Mondane; l’Estetica e l’Economica, in which Croce describes the process of development of modern aesthetics as the affirmation of a logica dei sensi ; a definition developed from the “poetic logic” in Vico’s Scienza Nuova. The essay starts with a comparison with Gilles Deleuze’s logic of sense, or thought of the surface, (...) to propose the argument that Croce can be acknowledged as one of the authors of the Nietzschean reversal of Platonism. This argument is supported by the anti-metaphysical character of Croce’s thought, who has always pursued the aim of overcoming cognitive dualism to give new dignity to the sense in all of its complexity and, by consequence, to the world. Aesthetics, in Croce’s solution, possesses two philosophical meanings: because its better epistemological definition – particularly in the connection between intuition and expression – provides advantages in other fields of philosophy; in addition, aesthetics is the initial form of spiritual life. (shrink)

Socially responsible human resource management (SR‐HRM) is becoming increasingly important for academics and managers. The interface between HRM and corporate social responsibility (CSR) is the subject of analysis in this article. It adopts a contextual perspective to analyze whether the institutional context influences the implementation of socially responsible HRM (SR‐HRM). Considering the differences in the national institutional contexts across Europe, this study explores the different models of SR‐HRM in that region. The research is focused on a sample of 153 companies (...) headquartered in Germany, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. The findings evidence the influence exerted by the national institutional context on the implementation of SR‐HRM. Differences among country clusters suggest the existence of different models of SR‐HRM in Europe. However, these models do not correspond to the blocks on HRM or on CSR identified by the literature but instead provide a novel categorization. (shrink)

Há longo tempo considerado um dos sentidos menores e mais fracos nos animais humanos, o olfato na realidade assume na nossa modalidade de existência uma função bem menos marginal, antes central, nos comportamentos socio-emocionais, na evocação das memórias e na comunicação não verbal, e não último na nossa vida quotidiana, especialmente pelo seu papel na percepção do sabor dos alimentos. Graças aos progressos que a pesquisa alcançou nas últimas décadas, a ponto de justificar entre outras coisas o nascimento de uma (...) nova área científica chamada neurogastronomia, o olfato, e especialmente o olfato retronasal, se configura como uma das nossas habilidades mais espécie-específicas, à qual devemos, inclusive, uma das maiores alegrias da vida: o prazer consciente de saborear e de apreciar alimentos e bebidas. Partindo deste tema, o objetivo deste ensaio è, portanto, mostrar em que medida uma experiência radicada no corpo, como a percepção do sabor, remonte às características espécie-específicas desenvolvidas pelo olfato humano no curso da evolução, configurando-se como uma forma complexa de cognição encarnada, cujas possibilidades dependem tanto da estrutura biológica, quanto do uso efetivo que fazemos deste extraordinário dispositivo corpóreo. _Palavras-chave:_ odores, olfato retronasal, percep;ção do sabor, gosto, neurogastronomia, anosmia, ageusia. (shrink)

A partir del siglo XX se ha dado un cambio de paradigma en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje con el apoyo de las nuevas tecnologías se añade a la creación de empresa la denominación de Spin Off que permite explotar la investigación y el conocimiento –práctico de los estudiantes. Su creación se basa en el proceso de constitución deSociedades por Acciones Simplificadas (SAS) y un modelo paralelista de doble entrada (conocimiento/práctica) para el desarrollo académico de Contabilidad financieraavanzada. Los estudiantes responden a (...) esta iniciativa con empoderamiento de lasobligaciones asignadas tanto a nivel operativo, de aplicación contable y fiscal. (shrink)

The responses of 178 Latin dioceses in the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB) to the Preparatory Document for the Synod on Synodality were synthesized in fourteen regional reports. From these reports, and a report of lay groups, the USCCB produced the US report, which was synthesized with 111 other national reports into the Working Document for the Continental Stage (DCS). The latter was provided to seven continental assemblies. North American participants discussed the DCS in virtual meetings, and a (...) writing team produced the North American report. The synthesized result of the continental assemblies’ reports was the synod’s 2023 Instrumentum laboris. This article discusses US diocesan participation and the North American response to the DCS as they contributed to the Instrumentum laboris’ statement relative to “the question of women’s inclusion in the diaconate.” It includes a table documenting US diocesan responses to questions of women’s participation in the Church. (shrink)

Como é sabido, comida e eros são duas fontes de prazer, indissociavelmente ligadas. Não é uma coincidência que o termo ‘apetite’ denota tanto a sensação que acompanha a necessidade de se alimentar, como, em geral, a tendência natural para satisfazer os desejos físicos e especialmente sexuais. Os prazeres do paladar, bem como os sexuais, estão em grande parte relacionados com multissensorialidade que os perpassa. São, portanto, experiências totalizantes, prazeres difusos que satisfazem todos os nossos sentidos, contribuindo de modo nada trivial (...) à obtenção da vida feliz para a qual temos uma vocação inata. Os sentidos mais “carnais”, em especial o gosto – o sentido mais sinestésico – juntamente ao olfato, são os mais envolvidos na mesa assim como na cama. Funções essenciais para a sobrevivência dos indivíduos e para a preservação de todas as espécies animais, comer e se reproduzir foram transformadas pelo animal humano em duas atividades espécie-específicas: o erotismo e a gastronomia. E, portanto, em fontes de prazer longe de ser instintivo, no qual também a linguagem desempenha um papel considerável. As saborosas descrições de um prato são parte integrante da sua apreciação e do prazer que derivamos do seu consumo e da sua partilha, exatamente como o são as palavras sussurradas durante uma festa de amor. Cientes da dificuldade imposta por um tema sobre o qual se disse e se escreveu de tudo, neste artigo tentaremos descrever o papel dos sentidos “carnais”, e do gosto em particular, nas duas experiências mais sensuais e totalizantes que definem a “boa vida” para a qual estamos naturalmente inclinados. Palavras-chave: Gosto. Comida. Prazer. Eros. Multisensorialidade. (shrink)

Normal 0 14 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 SINTESI Un pregiudizo tramandato per secoli dalla cultura filosofico-scientifica dominante ha avvalorato una gerarchia dei sensi centrata sul primato cognitivo della vista e dell’udito, relegando il gusto al rango di senso ‘minore’, di senso carnale e distante dalla conoscenza. Ma portare qualcosa alla bocca e capirne il sapore è un’attività che per gli animali umani oltrepassa il bisogno fisiologico, configurandosi come un’esperienza multisensoriale ma anche cognitiva, emotiva, culturale, estetica e persino linguistica. Recuperare il (...) valore intellettuale e culturale del gusto vuol dire restituire dignità a una componente importante della nostra conoscenza sensibile, riconoscendo il contributo che ciascun dispositivo sensoriale sa apportare alla conoscenza della realtà con un accento suo proprio, pur entro un’ineliminabile ‘concertazione’ sinestetica. Espressione di un atto ‘estremo’ di conoscenza incarnata, il gusto è dopotutto l’unico senso a esigere l’introduzione di frammenti di mondo dentro di noi, l’unico che ci consente di assimilare totalmente l’oggetto esterno (la cosa gustata) fino a farlo diventare parte di noi. Un’esperienza così esclusiva e intima – in cui sia il soggetto gustante sia l’oggetto gustato risultano trasformati – non può pertanto non suscitare una riflessione sul gusto come intelligenza del corpo e come strumento per meglio comprendere quel complesso intreccio di mente e di corpo, di ragione e di passione, di vincoli biologici e di attrezzature culturali che è l’animale umano. Partendo da queste premesse proveremo a spiegare brevemente cosa vuol dire ‘saper gustare’ e in che senso quest’attività contribuisce a qualificare la nostra umanità. (shrink)

O objetivo deste ensaio é refletir sobre o significado da expressão “arte do paladar”, enfocando os aspectos da nossa história evolutiva – uma história contemporaneamente biológica e cultural – os quais fizeram de nós os únicos “macacos” capazes de cozinhar o alimento, de produzi-lo de modo sistemático, de escolhê-lo em meio a uma vasta gama de alimentos, com base em diferentes critérios, de atribuir-lhe um valor simbólico e de celebrálo através da linguagem; razões pelas quais o homem pode reivindicar plenamente (...) a invenção dos sabores. Resultado de um longo processo de elaboração da natureza, a arte do paladar é, portanto, o resultado de todos os processos pelos quais transformamos um dos atos mais naturais, isto é, o ato de comer, em um artificial, cultural e intelectual, aplicando um conhecimento, um saber prático, para conceber, imaginar e elaborar novos objetos alimentares, novas sensações para o paladar, novas possibilidades de interação social. Palavras-chave: Arte de alimentos. Sabor. Cozinhar. Culinária. Linguagem. (shrink)

Tra il gusto, il cibo e il piacere esiste un legame complesso che oltrepassa le necessità legate alla sopravvivenza, contribuendo al raggiungimento di quella felicità che è il fine ultimo cui tende l’uomo. Fonte di nutrimento, per il corpo come per la mente, e nel contempo di godimento, l’atto di gustare il cibo soddisfa tutti i sensi, accende la nostra vita emotiva, stimola la nostra mente, promuove la socialità, gratifica il nostro senso estetico e sinestetico, sollecita la conversazione, crea talvolta (...) godibili dipendenze, arricchendosi di significati diversi. Partendo da queste premesse, questo saggio, attingendo da fonti diverse, si propone di restituire al poliedrico piacere di gustare il suo vero valore, esplorandone le molteplici declinazioni, gli innumerevoli modi che ci siamo inventati per prolungare questo piacere, alla ricerca di gratificazioni del palato alternative a quelle offerte dalla natura. Un tema filosoficamente e antropologicamente interessante, specialmente per chi intende praticare una filosofia incarnata, fondata cioè sul corpo vivente e sensiente. Parole chiave: Piacere del gusto. Passione. Gustare. Emozioni. Avanguardia culinaria. Spettacolarizzazione del cibo. Food porn. (shrink)

In recent decades, neurosciences have reached considerable goals in understanding mental processes and human behavior, overcoming the classic separations between mind and body, reason and passion, penetrating the maze of our cognitive and emotional life to explain their rootedness in the body and the their interactions with the environment. And if until not many years ago psychological and neuroscientific research neglected the study of emotional life to focus only on cognitive functions tout court, today there is even a dedicated sector (...) called affective Neuroscience. By broadly reconstructing the general panorama of neuroscience, and of the affective ones in particular, this essay focuses on the contribution that research on mirror neurons has made to understanding the mechanisms of intersubjectivity and above all that component of social cognition that is empathy. The goal is to understand how we recognize the emotions of others and to explain what the human ability to interpret the actions and intentions of others as if they were ours, to know better how we work and how we relate to others. Research on mirror neurons, within an embodied perspective, shows how the brain is an organ linked to a body that acts, moves and feels in its unceasing interaction with the world. Keywords: Neuroscience. Affective Neurosciences. Emotions. Empathy. Mirror neurons. Embodied cognition. (shrink)

Online Public Shaming is a form of norm enforcement that involves collectively imposing reputational costs on a person for having a certain kind of moral character. OPS actions aim to disqualify her from public discussion and certain normal human relations. We argue that this constitutes an informal collective punishment that it is presumptively wrong to impose on others. OPS functions as a form of ostracism that fails to show equal basic respect to its targets. Additionally, in seeking to mobilise unconstrained (...) collective power with potentially serious punitive consequences, OPS is incompatible with due process values. (shrink)

The idea of merit is at the core of intense contemporary debate related to social justice in general and meritocracy in particular. In this paper, I aim to differentiate the notion of merit from two other notions with which it is often mistakenly identified, namely the concepts of talent and achievement. Here, I define “merit” as the value of an action that 1) is imputable to a subject‘s free conduct, 2) implies some sort of effort, and 3) is oriented towards (...) a good. Merit so understood is a valuable phenomenon considered from various perspectives, and therefore the subject who has it deserves to be properly recognized. But, more importantly, this merit is valuable in a sense that is different from the value attached to talent and achievement. We should therefore try to recognize the three of them according to their specificity. I conclude by signaling some problems and limitations associated with the idea of merit that, on the one hand, contribute to the aforementioned confusion and, on the other hand, show that the principle of merit must not be absolutized to the detriment of other forms of value (including talent and achievement). (shrink)

Grounded theory, a research method born out of the social sciences field, offers a flexible technique that allows simultaneous data collection and processing. Researchers using this method immerse themselves in an area of study, focusing their observations on the data and taking into consideration not only their own interpretations, but also those of the other subjects involved, in order to strengthen their understanding of the social phenomena under examination. This text briefly describes the concept of grounded theory and uses concrete (...) examples to illustrate how data are analysed from the standpoint of the stereotype as an object of study. La teoría fundamentada, nacida al interior de las ciencias sociales, es un método de investigación que posee una técnica flexible y que realiza simultáneamente la recolección y el procesamiento de los datos. En este método, el investigador se encuentra inmerso en el campo de estudio y sus observaciones se abocan al dato, considerando tanto su interpretación como la de los otros sujetos implicados, con la finalidad de fortalecer la comprensión del fenómeno social investigado. En este texto se describe brevemente la teoría fundamentada y cómo se analizan los datos mediante ejemplos concretos, que se presentan a partir del estereotipo como objeto de estudio. (shrink)

En este artículo se presenta un análisis crítico de la novela El amor en los tiempos del cólera, del escritor colombiano Gabriel García Márquez, basado en las categorías o aspectos que propician la narración de los acontecimientos pasados. A partir de la hipótesis de que la obra constituye una evocación del pasado o, en otras palabras, un viaje a los recuerdos, se analizan los siguientes aspectos con el fin de determinar cómo la narración de las experiencias se construye a (...) partir de ellos: la narración, que incluye al narrador y las técnicas narrativas; los detonadores gracias a los cuales se efectúa la rememoración; el contexto cotidiano en el que se introducen; la representación del tiempo y del espacio y las relaciones entre los personajes. (shrink)

Class, race and gender are three of the most salient factors in society. They determine to an important extent the opportunities we have, e.g. to access public.

El presente trabajo se propone determinar un criterio con que interpretar de modo global el desarrollo del pensamiento de Giovanni Gentile. Su caracterización como pensador neohegeliano no da razón del sentido global de su filosofía ni de sus efectivos puntos de partida ni de los pensadores con los que directamente se midió. El trabajo hace ver que, con Donato Jaja, su maestro universitario, la tradición idealista iniciada por Bertrando Spaventa se separa definitivamente de la interpretación de Hegel y se constituye (...) como tradición autónoma. En ese sentido, buscamos precisar los rasgos característicos de la personalidad filosófica de Gentile dentro de dicha tradición y concluimos que Vico ocupó un papel nuclear en ella. (shrink)

ABSTRACTPrior research has found a relationship between perceived facial attractiveness and perceived personal trustworthiness. We examined the time course of attractiveness relative to trustworthiness evaluation of emotional and neutral faces. This served to explore whether attractiveness might be used as an easily accessible cue and a quick shortcut for judging trustworthiness. Detection thresholds and judgment latencies as a function of expressive intensity were measured. Significant correlations between attractiveness and trustworthiness consistently held for six emotional expressions at four intensities, and neutral (...) faces. Importantly, perceived attractiveness preceded perceived trustworthiness, with lower detection thresholds and shorter decision latencies. This reveals a time course advantage for attractiveness, and suggests that earlier attractiveness impressions could bias trustworthiness inferences. A heuristic cognitive mechanism is hypothesised to ease processing demands by relying on simple a... (shrink)

This paper studies the lessons of principled anti-corruption experts who dared to fulfill their duty of justice in highly corrupt societies, through the true story of Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, the former Finance Minister of Nigeria. My thesis is that when principled anti-corruption experts are epistemic trespassers, they show moral incompetence. Okonjo-Iweala shows moral incompetence in two ways: she misread the opposition to her strategies and misled other honest reformers. Both actions bungled her efforts to eradicate corruption inasmuch as they hindered the (...) possibility of finding successful anti-corruption policies. Okonjo-Iweala’s moral incompetence is, I argue, the result of her epistemic trespassing that led her to act like an expert in an environment where she was not. I conclude that, in highly corrupt societies, principled anti-corruption experts should embrace moral humility, stop thinking that they are experts, and act more like students, asking questions and not rushing to think that they understand the answers. (shrink)

Is it tautological to call an action "wrongful discrimination?" Some philosophers and political theorists answer this question in the affirmative and claim that the term "discrimination" is intrinsically evaluative. Others agree that "discrimination" usually conveys the action’s moral wrongness but claim that the term can be used in a purely descriptive way. In this paper, we present two corpus studies and two experiments designed to test whether the folk concept of discrimination is evaluative. We demonstrate that the term has undergone (...) a historical development and is nowadays no longer used purely descriptively. Further, we show that this evaluation cannot be cancelled without yielding a contradiction. We conclude that the descriptive use of "discriminatory" is a thing of the past. (shrink)

This article treats recent bioethical discussions of double effect reasoning (DER), offering a summary account of DER and construing it as rooted in a sensible view of what is central to someone's identity as a moral agent. It then treats objections raised in recent years by Judith Thomson, Alison McIntyre, and Frances Kamm against familiar ways of applying DER to certain controversies within medical ethics, especially, that over physician-assisted suicide. After detailing, interpreting, and attempting to rebut the challenges from these (...) philosophers, who are especially interesting because their criticisms of DER come from allies in DER's struggle against consequentialist reasoning, the essay engages DER's contribution to a recent dispute over treatment of patients in what is called ‘persistent vegetative state.' Near its end, the paper sketches several possible points of entry to DER and sources of justification for it. The essay concludes by indicating a connection between these paths and its opening idea of moral identity. (shrink)

Las relaciones con el poder son una práctica ineludible de todo aquel individuo que pasaba a América. Fray Pedro de Ayala, franciscano, obispo de Nueva Galicia (1561-1569) tuvo que desempeñarse, como religioso y gobernante, en esta difícil tarea de congeniar voluntades: de una parte, la sociedad civil y, de otra, los intereses espirituales de las personas encomendadas a su tarea episcopal. Sus cartas al rey Felipe II ofrecen el testimonio directo del hombre contra el entorno social y geográfico de un (...) territorio en construcción, como era la Nueva Galicia de mediados del siglo XVI. (shrink)

Cosmopolitan critics attack the scope-limitation of justice of egalitarian liberal theorists to states. They treat justice as the production of a given set of outcomes for people regardless of location or relationship. However, in doing so they either ignore the relevant agent towards whom principles of justice are addressed or see the question of agency as a practical, derivative question, of a secondary character. This paper argues that a principle of justice without a clearly justified agent is not a genuine (...) principle at all. This is what writers like Rawls mean by the "subject" of justice (analogous to the grammatical subject of a sentence, i.e.,the agent). We should reflect on agents and why they would or would not justifiably carry certain burdens for others and what kind of benefits or goods they are able to secure. The answers to those questions explain why the idea of cosmopolitan global justice is incomplete, either requiring a global basic structural agency or not applying because no relevant agent is present that can create cooperative arrangements between individual persons across the globe. Other moral principles will still apply globally, but they will be distinct from those that apply to basic-structural agencies. This account is not a practice dependence account, as it bases the distinctness of moral and political principles on purely moral and value-based considerations. (shrink)

Este artículo es un intento de dilucidación y delimitación historiográfico-conceptual que pretende aportar un enfoque alternativo a los estudios sobre la teoría política realista. Mi propósito es presentar un bosquejo del sentido histórico del concepto de realismo político situándolo en los contextos de la Realpolitik alemana y de la escuela realista de las relaciones internacionales. De este modo, pretendo mostrar las relaciones contextuales del realismo político, la localización de su antagonismo con el liberalismo y la invención retrospectiva de una tradición (...) realista como resultado de una serie de apropiaciones intelectuales y políticas. This article is a historiographical and conceptual attempt of clarification and delimitation to offer an alternative view to the studies of the realist political theory. I pretend to put forward an outline of the historical sense of the concept of political realism, placing it on the contexts of German Realpolitik and the realist school of international relations. Thus, I pretend to show the contextual relations of political realism, the location of its antagonism against liberalism and the retrospective invention of a realist tradition as a result of a set of intellectual and political additions. (shrink)